COMPUTER
Communication skills
A. Tick () the correct answers.
1. Communication is a
a. one-way process.
b. two-way process.
c. multiple-way-process.
2. A similar educational background overcomes this problem:
a. Intellectual difference
b. Emotional difference
c. Positional difference
3. SMS is a form of
a. non-verbal communication.
b. telephone communication.
c. written communication.
4. Voice modulation is a part of
a. gesture.
b. paralanguage.
c. pitch.
5. Which of the following is not an example of formal communication?
a. Office email b. Letter to a friend c. Proceedings of a conference
6. In the context of communication, perspective means
a. Ideas, views, or ways of thinking that the sender or receiver has.
b. filters that the sender or receiver has. .
c. barriers in communication.
7. A noisy and crowded atmosphere is an example of
a. language barrier. B. environmental barrier. c. All of the above
8. Which of the following is a positive facial expression?
a. Staring hard b. Nodding while listening c. Looking away from the speaker
9. Which of the following is not a form of oral communication?
a. Wireless communication b. Reports
c. Face-to-face conversation
10. A haphazard presentation of sentences in a paragraph breaks the condition of
a. unity. B. order c. coherence.
B. Fill in the blanks. border.
1. The receiver should have a__________ respond to a message
channel
2. The ______of the sender and receiver of communication acts as a filter through a message is communicated and understood
Perspective
3. When you communicate according to a pre-existing belief, you show your communication.
prejudice
4. _____, sentences order, request, or advise
Imperative
5. A paragraph can said to be _____when the sentences are connected to each other.
Coherent
6. ____is the process of turning thoughts into communication using words, symbols, or pictures.
Encoding
7. The use of unfamiliar words and insufficient detail is an example of_______ barrier in communication.
language
8. Public signages and symbols are part of______ communication
Visual
9. Space and touch are part of _______communication.
nonverbal
10. A _____message does not have the support of facial expressions and body language to convey its meaning.
Written
C. Given below are few sentences, Identify the type of sentence.
This is my favourite book.
declarative
What is your favourite tourist destination?
interrogative
I love this play!
exclamatory
Go to the market now.
Imperative
Did you finish your assignment?
interrogative
I love you so much! Dad.
Exclamatory
Vacate this house immediately.
Imperative
His mother is a teacher.
declarative
Wait for me.
declarative
Hurray! We won the match.
Exclamation
LESSON-2
SELF MANAGEMENT SKILLS
A. Tick() the correct answers.
1. The ability to stay inspired and work towards a goal is called
A self-awareness 2. self-motivation
self-control
2. Pressure to conform by friends is known as
Peer pressure 2. mental pressure.
emotional pressure.
3. Controlling impulsive behaviour and feelings and adapting to changing circumstances is a sign of
social intelligence. 2. emotional intelligence.
rational thinking.
4. Which of these is a sign of self-care?
Completing your assignment
Meditating regularly
Tidying your cupboard
5. Trisha is always tense during exam time. She is sincere and a studious student, but the thought of exams creates anxiety in her. Which stress management technique would you suggest to help her?
Yoga 2. Vacation with family
Both a and b
6. Which of the following is the ability of a person to do things that need to be done without someone or something influencing us?
Self-motivation 2. Self-awareness
Self-discipline
7. Which of these is not a sign of stress?
a. Headache B. b. Blood pressure
c. Short-sightedness
8. Which of these qualities is a sign of self-reliance?
Confidence b. Artistic
c .Talkative nature
9. Which of the following does not improve mental well-being?
a. Taking nature-walk b. Stress
c. Vacation with family and friends
10. Stress has
a negative impact on us b. b. a positive impact on us
c .no impact on us.
Fill in the blanks.
1 ____is a serious clinical illness caused by stress
2. ____changes during puberty and can give rise to feelings of inadequacy and loss of self-confidence.
3. _____activities are time-out activities.
4. Working independently ensures _____and satisfaction to an individual.
5. The imagined or real threats are called ____
6. Stress often arises due to lack of_____ skills
7. Stress is more likely to result in _____outcomes if one strives to overcome it.
8. ____refers to focusing human efforts for maintaining a healthy body and mind to better withstand stressful situations.
9. Having conscious knowledge of your capabilities, feelings and one's own character is called as ____
10. _____ brings positivity into one's life and helps bring calm and peace in one's life.
C. Write T for True and F for False.
Shifting social and gender roles are rarely causes for stress-
Management of stress makes the immune system weak
Self-reliance Inculcates responsibility without supervision. sense of
There is no one size fits all when it comes to solutions or counselling for stress management.
Independent people are likely to be more confident in handling problems affecting their lives
You should work only on building on your strengths and ignore your weaknesses.
One should view a problem as a challenge to be overcome.
Rational thinking helps in stress management.
Vacation helps one relax and rejuvenate.
Self-regulation helps people to behave in socially acceptable ways.
What is self-management?
Self-management involves understanding yourself and what your interest and abilities are, and having a positive attitude and grooming yourself in order to develop Self confidence
2.What is self-awareness?
knowing yourself as an individual your values, likes, dislike. strengths and weakness
3) What is self-confidence?
Believing in yourself that you can do any task
4) What is self-control?
Ability to control your behaviour, discipline etc...
5) What is problem solving?
understanding a problem and Finding a solution using step-by-step method
(6)What is self-motivation?
Doing tasks on your own without any external motivation
(7) What is personal hygiene?
It is the habit or practice of keeping to ourselves clean. Cleanliness helps is to maintain our health and well being.
(8) What is positive thinking?
Positive thinking requires a person to look at the good in things, Observe, understand and patiently work towards improving them rather than worrying or looking for the bad in things.
9. What is the importance of time management in self-management?
Time management refers to making effort to prioritise tasks according to their importance and time in hand to increase a person's productivity , Preparing a lime table for work, play and relaxation activities and sticking to the allotted timings helps with time management. Hence. it is important is self-management.
10 What are the advantages of effective self-management ?
Some advantages of effective self-management are:-
It helps you is utilising your Abilities, skills and knowledge to the fullest.
It helps you motivated so that you can work towards to achieve your goals.
It gives you the confidence to deal with any situation effectively.
It keeps you more organised , so that you can achieve more in a limited period
It helps you in managing stress whether physical or emotional
LESSON-3
ICT SKILLS
Tick (v) the correct answers
1. An operating system falls under which one of the following categories?
a. Application software
b. System software
c. Utility software
2. Which of these is the keyboard shortcut to paste a file in Windows 10?
a. Ctrl+C
b. Ctrl+V
c. Ctrl+X
3. Which of these is not an antivirus software?
a. Norton
b. Blackberry
c. McAfee
d. Ms word
4. Which of the following options is used to take a file from the Recycle Bin to its original position?
a. Restore
b. Relapse
c. Remove
5. Which application provides the basic information about files, folders, and drives?
a. Windows
b. The Computer
c. This PC
6. Which of these is not a component of the desktop in Windows 10?
a. Recycle Bin
b. Shut Down button
c. Control Panel
7. Which of the following is not a precaution to be taken while cleaning the computer?
a. Switch off the power
b. Empty Recycle Bin
c. Do not spread cleaning liquid directly
8. The cleaning of the hardware of a computer does not include the cleaning of
a. Windows.
b. monitor
c. mouse.
9. Which of the following is a type of Program File virus?
a. Disk Killer
b. Mylife
c. Dark Avenger
10. What is the file extension of a temporary file in Windows OS?
a. tmp
b. tmpy
c. tmpry
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. A GUI-based operating system is also known as an ___ operating system.
INTERACTIVE
2. The horizontal panel at the bottom of the desktop in Windows is known as the___
task bar
3. The viruses that typically infect executable files are known as ____
File infectors
4. An operating system acts as a/an ____between the hardware and software.
interface
5. A folder inside another folder is known as a_____
Sub folder
6. Boot record viruses are also known as ____
Boot Sector Virus
7. ____ is the collective name for different types of harmful software, such as viruses, worms, adware, and spyware.
malware
8. ____are the small files that get stored on a computerwhile surfing the internet and help websites identify a user.
cookies
9. Windows OS is based on_____
Graphical user interface
10____ and ___ to store information in computers.
Files , folders
C. Write True or False.
1. An operating system can be classified as a distributed operating system and a single user, multi-task operating system as well. True
2. MS-DOS is a GUI-based operating system. False
3. Windows 7 is the latest version of the Windows operating system released by Microsoft. False
4. A virus is a software program that can replicate itself. False
5. An antivirus software can run a scan over a selected portion of the computer system of the entire hard disk. True
6. The files are organised into folders and sub-folders. True
7. The drag and drop method to move a file in Windows requires the help of a mouse. True
8. A file in Windows can be deleted using the Delete key on the keyboard. True
9. Calc is an antivirus software. False
10. The cleaning of software installed on the computer can be achieved by Disk Clean up
True
D. Short answer type questions
1. Give any two uses of ICT at home.
Answer:
Two uses of ICT at home are as follows:
(i) People uses television for entertainment.
(ii) We use computers and mobile phones for talking to each other, sending
2. Write any two differences between a smartphone and a tablet.
Differences between smartphone and tablet are:
Smartphone | Tablet |
Comes with different storage capacity. | Usually have higher storage capacity. |
Watching a movie or making changes to a picture is difficult. | Watching videos and making changes to a photo is better and easier due to bigger screen size. |
4, Describe the functions of at least 5 types of keys.
Functions of different types of keys:
(i) Control Keys They perform special functions depending on when and where they are used.
(ii) Enter Key It is used to move the cursor to the beginning of a new line.
(iii) Navigation Keys These are used to move up and down, right and left in a document.
(iv) Windows Key It is used to open the Start menu.
(v) Punctuation Keys These are used for punctuation marks.
5. Define ICT in the workplace.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) enhances work processes using digital tools for communication and data management.
6. Name two ICT tools for communication.
Smartphones and tablets are common ICT tools facilitating seamless communication through calls, messages, and social media.
7. How are files and folders organized?:
Files and folders are organized hierarchically, creating a systematic structure for storing, accessing, and managing digital information.
8, Name any four apps which installed on smartphones by default.
Phone, Calendar, Camera, Mail
9. What is peripheral? Name any two peripheral devices.
Input and output devices are also called peripherals. Two peripheral devices are keyboard and monitor.
10.Define motherboard.
Motherboard also referred to as a system board, is the main circuit board inside a computer. It connects input, processing and output devices. It also includes controllers for devices like the hard drive, DVD drive, keyboard and mouse.
11. List any two ports that can use to connect to a computer.
(i) Display port It connects the monitor or any display unit to the computer using cable.
(ii) Audio port It helps to connect microphone, speakers and headphones to a computer system.
12. How to create a new file using a text editor in Ubuntu?
To create a new file using a text editor in ubuntu, you need – To open a text editor, type ‘editor’ in the search dialog box. Then, double click the text editor option. This will open a blank document.
13.Explain file and folder.
Files These are the collection of data stored on auxiliary storage media. The name given to a file or document by the user is called file name. Each file has a specific filename and has a file extension that identifies the file type.
Folders These are containers that you can use to store files. Folders can also store other folders. You can create any number of sub-folders and each can hold any number of files and additional sub-folders.
LESSON-4
A. Tick() the correct answers.
EXERCISES
1. Which of these is not a possible negative effect of entrepreneurial activity?
a. Exploitation of labour
b. Overuse of natural resources
Balanced development of different regions
2. Naseer uses his family's money to set up a chain of schools to cater to children living in slums in Indian cities. This is an example of
a. women entrepreneurship.
b. social entrepreneurship.
c. agricultural entrepreneurship.
3. Which of these is not a managerial function of entrepreneurs?
a. Staffing
b. Communication
c. Negotiation
4. Two Indian entrepreneurs set up an online shopping site based on the business model of a similar ecommerce company. Which of the following roles are the two entrepreneurs playing in this case?
a. Balancing role
b.Imitating role
c. Risk assumption role
5. Which of the following statements is true about entrepreneurship?
a. Entrepreneurs always come from business families.
Entrepreneurship is possible with a small amount of money.
c. An entrepreneur cannot succeed without a great new idea.
6. Which of these is not a commercial function of entrepreneurs?
a.idea discovery
Production and operations
c. inance and accounting
7 Which of these is not a desirable quality in an entrepreneur?
a. Energy and drive
b. Independence
Disregard for laws
8. Entrepreneurship has a crucial role in the of the society.
evolution
b. planning
c. functioning
9. Which of the following is a function performed by an entrepreneur?
a. Taking risks
b. Making decisions
Both a. and b.
10. When an entrepreneur sets up and starts her or his business, it implies she or he is in the business market.
a. surviving
entering
c. growing
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. The purpose of entrepreneurship is to set up a venture to generate ---- and create wealth
(Value)
2. As more people notice that trying to do things in new ways can lead to success, it breeds a culture of--------
(Creativity)
3. -----refers to the quality of an entrepreneur, to not be discouraged by failures.
(Perseverance)
4. The detailed investigation of an idea to see if it can be turned into a profitable venture is a ------function of an entrepreneur (Promotion)
5.----- is the process of communicating with the consumer to convey the positive aspects of a business's product or service.
(marketing)
6. In a franchise system, the---- pays a share of the income to the ------on a regular basis. (franchisee, franchiser)
7. An----- is a person who establishes a business or a venture that generates some value to the customer and proves to be profitable for him. (entrepreneur)
8. is a quality that ensures that entrepreneurs have faith in their own abilities. Self Confiden
9. In a role, entrepreneurs have to manage different resources to carry out production. C Coordinators)
10. is the function that deals with putting together capital to fund fund the venture.
F for Falancing)
c. Write T for True and F for False
1. Entrepreneurship can also have negative impact on the society.
2. When you talk about resources for a venture, 文 you are referring only to all the non-living things needed to set up and run the venture.
3. Only people with advanced educational X degrees can become successful entrepreneurs.
4. Coordination and control are commercial X functions of an entrepreneur.
5. A smart entrepreneur takes calculated risks and balances risks with potential rewards.
6. Entrepreneurs are not job seekers but they create opportunities of employment for people.
7. The nation develops only when every citizen starts her or his own venture.
8. Becoming an entrepreneur does not mean the person is completely free of responsibilities.
9. In a democratic country, the government is a part of the society.
10. The ventures where at least 51 per cent of the ownership rests with women and at least 51 per cent of the employment generated by the venture is given to women is known as women entrepreneurship.
D. Short answer type questions
1. Briefly list four ways in which society has an impact on entrepreneurship.
2. What are the four functions of entrepreneurs as identified in the book Entrepreneurship and Small Business? Give one example of each type of function.
3. State any four benefits of being an entrepreneur other than the potential financial gains.
4. List a few ways in which entrepreneurship contributes to society.
5. State five examples of jobs that people cas take up as work-from-home businesses.
6. State two possible negative effects of entrepreneurship on society.
7. Why is it important for entrepreneurs to have networking opportunities?
8. Give an example of a venture that has elements of social and women entrepreneurship.
9. How does optimism as a quality help an entrepreneur?
10 What is the next step after idea discovery in the entrepreneurial process?
E. Long answer type questions
1. Explain how someone can become an entrepreneur by joining a franchise.
2. State any four myths that discourage people from taking up entrepreneurship. What are the corresponding truths?
3. List four types of entrepreneurship from a societal perspective. Give examples of each. Also, state an example where one venture displays elements of different types of entrepreneurship.
4. How do entrepreneurs contribute to nation's development?
5. What is meant by social entrepreneurship?
6. Write a note on importance of entrepreneurs in society.
7. Why is it important to have a course related to entrepreneurship in a school curriculum?
8. Explain any five managerial functions of an entrepreneur,
9. Describe any five different ways to become an entrepreneur.
10. Mention different roles played by
PART-B
LESSON-1
Answers to textbook exercises
Fill in the Blanks
- The first stage in the AI Project Cycle is P r o b l e m S c o p i n g.
- S t a t i s t i c a l D a t a is the process of collecting, processing, and analyzing large datasets to uncover meaningful patterns.
- C o m p u t e r V i s i o n is the AI domain that enables machines to analyze and interpret images and videos.
- N L P allows machines to understand and generate human language.
- E t h i c a l f r a m e w o r k s provide a structured, step-by-step approach to navigating complex moral dilemmas.
State True or False
- The AI Project Cycle consists of five stages. - False
- Sentiment Analysis is an application of NLP. -True
- The principle of Beneficence in AI ensures maximum benefit for users. -True
- AI hiring systems can be biased if trained on unbalanced data. -True
- AI in healthcare should follow ethical guidelines like Bioethics. -True
Match the Following
| D. Ensures AI respects human rights and dignity. |
| E. Focuses on maximizing benefits while minimizing harm. |
|
|
| B. Unfair outcomes due to poor training data. |
| C. Non-Maleficence. |
Multiple Choice Questions
- AI-powered chatbots rely on which AI domain?
- Computer Vision
- Natural Language Processing (NLP)
- Model Building
- Deployment
- What does the Data Exploration stage focus on?
- Collecting data
- Analyzing patterns in data
- Deploying AI models
- Training AI models
- What is the main reason ethical frameworks are important in AI?
- To ensure AI systems function efficiently
- To improve AI processing speed
- To ensure AI decisions are fair and unbiased
- To increase AI model accuracy
- Which stage in the AI Project Cycle involves testing the trained AI model for accuracy and efficiency?
- Problem Scoping
- Data Acquisition
- Model Building
- Evaluation
- Which of the following AI applications is an example of bias in AI?
- AI chatbot responding accurately to queries
- AI hiring system selecting candidates based on skills
- AI model trained on past data that favors a specific gender
- AI model detecting fraud in banking transactions
One-Word or One-Sentence Answers
- What is the main ethical concern in AI-powered hiring systems?
Bias
- Which AI application helps businesses analyze customer opinions from product reviews?
Sentiment Analysis
- Which AI domain is used in virtual assistants like Alexa and Siri?
Natural Language Processing (NLP)
- What does "Justice" mean in AI ethical frameworks?
Fair and equal treatment
Name the types of Ethical Frameworks.
Sector-based and value-based.
Answer the following
- Describe the role of AI in Computer Vision with real-life applications.
Computer Vision (CV) enables machines to interpret visual data. It
is used in self-driving cars to navigate and avoid obstacles. CV also
powers facial recognition in security systems and personal devices.
- What is AI bias? How can it be prevented?
AI bias happens when an AI system makes unfair decisions due to
biased data. It can be prevented by using diverse data, auditing
models, and ensuring transparency. Ethical guidelines and human
oversight also helps reduce bias.
- Why do we need ethical frameworks in AI?
Ethical frameworks ensure AI systems make fair, responsible
decisions. They help prevent discrimination and privacy violations
while promoting human rights. They also build public trust in AI
systems.
- Explain the concept of Bioethics and its principles in AI.
Bioethics in AI focuses on ensuring responsible use in healthcare. Its
principles include autonomy (informed decisions), non-maleficence
(avoiding harm), beneficence (maximizing benefits), and justice
(fair treatment).
Compare sector-based and value-based ethical frameworks in AI.
Sector-based frameworks address ethical issues specific to
industries like healthcare or finance. Value-based frameworks focus
on universal ethical principles such as fairness and rights.
Sector-based frameworks are industry-specific, while value-based
frameworks apply broadly.
Answers to textbook exercises
Fill in the Blanks
- M a c h i n e L e a r n i n g is a subset of AI where machines learn from data without being explicitly programmed.
- In a neural network, the first layer that receives raw data is called the I n p u t L a y e r.
- S u p e r v i s e d L e a r n i n g learning approach uses labeled data to train the model.
- In a classification model, the target variable is C a t e g o r i c a l.
- A r t i f i c i a l N e u r a l networks are modeled after the human brain and can process large datasets automatically.
State True or False
- Machine learning models improve their performance over time by learning from data. -True
- Deep learning models do not require large datasets for accurate predictions. - False
- Supervised learning uses labeled data to train models. -True
- Neural networks contain only one hidden layer for processing data. - False
- A reinforcement learning model receives feedback in the form of rewards and penalties. -True
Match the Following
| B. Uses labeled data |
| D. Rewards and penalties |
| E. Uses neural networks |
| A. Unsupervised learning |
| C. Predicts continuous values |
Multiple Choice Questions
- What is the main characteristic of unsupervised learning?
- Uses labeled data
- Finds hidden patterns in unlabeled data
- Follows predefined rules
- Uses reinforcement signals
- What is the purpose of the hidden layer in a neural network?
- To receive raw input data
- To store training data
- To process data and extract features
- To display final results
- Which of the following is an example of a reinforcement learning application?
- Spam email detection
- Handwriting recognition
- Training an AI agent to play chess
- Face recognition
- Which model is used to predict a continuous numerical value?
- Classification
- Regression
- Clustering
- Association
- What is a key advantage of deep learning?
- Requires fewer computations
- Learns complex patterns automatically
- Only works with structured data
- Requires no data for training
One-Word or One-Sentence Answers
- What type of learning uses labeled data?
Supervised Learning
- What type of network mimics the structure of the human brain? Artificial Neural Network
- What is the first layer in a neural network called?
Input Layer
- Which learning method does not require labeled data? Unsupervised Learning
- What kind of machine learning predicts numerical values? Regression
Answer the following
- What is the difference between machine learning and deep learning?
Machine learning uses algorithms to learn from data and make
decisions. Deep learning, a subset of machine learning, uses neural
networks with multiple layers to extract features and improve
accuracy, especially in tasks like image recognition and language
processing.
- Explain how a neural network processes data through different layers
A neural network processes data in layers: the input layer receives
raw data, the hidden layers refine it using weights and biases, and
the output layer produces the final result based on the processed
information.
- What is the role of hidden layers in a neural network?
Hidden layers perform computations using weights and biases to
transform input data into patterns, enabling the network to learn
complex representations before reaching the output layer.
- Give an example of a supervised learning application in real life.
Spam email detection is a supervised learning application, where
the system is trained using labeled emails (spam or not) to classify
new emails.
- How does reinforcement learning differ from supervised and unsupervised learning?
Reinforcement learning learns through feedback from rewards and
penalties, while supervised learning uses labeled data, and
unsupervised learning finds patterns in unlabeled data.
Reinforcement learning adapts over time based on trial and error.
Answers to textbook exercises
Fill in the Blanks
- The process of assessing a machine learning model’s performance using various metrics is known as m o d e l e v a l u a t i o n.
- The t r a i n i n g dataset is used to train the model, while the t e s t i n g dataset is used to test its performance.
- O v e r f i t t i n g occurs when a model performs well on training data but struggles with new data.
- Choosing the right e v a l u a t i o n metric ensures the model performs well in real-world applications.
- Confusion matrix evaluation metrics include a c c u r a c y, p r e c i s i o n, r e c a l l, and F 1 s c o r e.
State True or False
- Model evaluation is only necessary for supervised learning. - False
- A confusion matrix helps visualize only the correct predictions of a model. - False
- Precision measures how many of the predicted positive cases are actually correct. -True
- A model with 90% accuracy always performs well in all scenarios. - False
- AI models must be evaluated ethically, considering bias and transparency. -True
Match the Following
| C. Model memorizes training data |
| D. Focuses on reducing false positives |
| E. Incorrectly marking a negative case as positive |
| B. Incorrectly marking a positive case as negative |
| A. Focuses on reducing false negatives |
Multiple Choice Questions
- Which of the following is NOT a classification metric?
- Accuracy
- Precision
- Recall
- Overfitting
- What does the F1-score balance?
- Precision and recall
- Accuracy and error
- Overfitting and underfitting
- Training and testing data
- A spam filter that mistakenly marks important emails as spam has a high:
- False Positive rate
- False Negative rate
- Accuracy
- Recall
- Ethical concerns in AI evaluation include:
- Bias
- Transparency
- Accountability
- All of the above
- What happens if a model is not evaluated properly?
- It may provide unreliable results
- It will improve automatically
- It won’t need training
- It will always perform well
One-Word or One-Sentence Answers
- What is a confusion matrix used for?
It helps visualize how well a classification model performs by
showing correct and incorrect predictions.
- Why is accuracy sometimes misleading?
Accuracy can be misleading in imbalanced datasets because it may
overestimate model performance on the dominant class.
- What does F1-score balance?
It balances precision and recall.
- What is the importance of ethical AI evaluation?
It ensures that AI models are fair, transparent, and accountable,
preventing biased or harmful decisions.
- Why do we use train-test splits?
To evaluate how well the model generalizes to new, unseen data.
Answer the following
- Define and differentiate between precision and recall with examples.
Precision measures how many predicted positive cases are actually
correct, e.g., in a spam filter, how many emails marked as spam are
truly spam. Recall measures how well the model identifies all
actual positive cases, e.g., how many spam emails are correctly
Identified.
- Why is a train-test split crucial for AI model evaluation?
The train-test split ensures the model can generalize to new, unseen data, preventing overfitting and evaluating real-world performance.
- What are True Positive, False Positive, True Negative, and False Negative? Explain with examples.
True Positive (TP): Correctly predicted positive case (e.g.,
detecting a sick patient).
False Positive (FP): Incorrectly predicted positive case (e.g.,
misclassifying a healthy person as sick).
True Negative (TN): Correctly predicted negative case (e.g.,
identifying a healthy person correctly).
False Negative (FN): Incorrectly predicted negative case (e.g.,
missing a sick person).
- Why might accuracy not always be the best metric? Provide an example.
Accuracy can be misleading, especially with imbalanced datasets.
For example, predicting "negative" for all cases in a dataset with
95% negative samples could result in high accuracy but miss
important positives.
How does bias affect AI model evaluation?
Bias in AI models can lead to unfair decisions, such as
discrimination, impacting fairness and reliability if evaluation
metrics do not account for it.
Answers to textbook exercises
Fill in the Blanks
- No-Code AI tools allow users to create AI models without writing any code.
- Orange Data Mining is a Visual tool used for data analysis and visualization.
- A outlier is a number that is very different from the other values in a dataset.
- The Analysis ToolPak feature in Excel is used for performing linear regression analysis.
- In supervised learning, the AI model is trained using labeled data .
State True or False
- Orange Data Mining requires users to write Python code to create AI models.- False
- Data Science combines methods like statistics, data analysis, and machine learning. - True
- The No-Code approach requires extensive programming knowledge.- False
- A scatter plot helps in visualizing the distribution of a single variable.- False
- Logistic Regression is used for classification tasks. - True
Match the Following
Variance | Measures data spread |
Orange Data Mining | No-Code AI tool |
Scatter Plot Widget | Shows the relationship between variables |
Confusion Matrix | Evaluates model performance |
No-Code AI | Allows AI model creation without coding |
Multiple Choice Questions
- Which of the following is an example of a No-Code AI tool?
a) Python
b) Orange Data Mining
c) Java
d) SQL - What does a Confusion Matrix Widget in Orange Data Mining do?
a) Visualizes datasets
b) Evaluates model performance
c) Creates a classification tree
d) Selects the best features - Which of the following is a measure of how spread out the values are in a dataset?
a) Mean
b) Mode
c) Variance
d) Median - In Data Science, which application relies on recommendation algorithms?
a) Weather forecasting
b) Fraud detection
c) Product recommendations
d) Disease prediction - What is the primary purpose of the Test & Score Widget in Orange Data Mining?
a) Train AI models
b) Evaluate AI model performance
c) Visualize the dataset
d) Select important features
One-Word or One-Sentence Answers
- What is the process of automatically selecting the best features in a dataset?
Feature Selection - Which type of AI model predicts categories like "spam" or "not spam"?
Classification - Which graph is used to show frequency distribution?
Histogram - What type of AI tool is Orange Data Mining?
No-Code - What is the middle value of a dataset called?
Median
Answer the following
- What is the difference between No-Code and Low-Code AI tools?
No-Code AI tools allow users to build applications without writing any code, using drag-and-drop interfaces. They are cost-effective, fast, and easy to use but offer limited customization.
Low-Code AI tools reduce the need for manual coding but still allow for some customization. They require minimal programming knowledge and are suitable for users who want more flexibility than No-Code tools.
- How does Orange Data Mining help in AI model creation?
Orange Data Mining is a no-code AI tool that helps visualize, analyze, and model data easily. It uses widgets to perform tasks like data loading, exploration, preprocessing, feature selection, modeling, evaluation, and visualization. Users can build workflows by connecting these widgets to create, test, and improve AI models without any coding.
- Explain the importance of data exploration in AI modeling.
Data exploration helps users inspect and understand the data before building models. It includes identifying patterns, trends, and anomalies such as missing values or outliers. This step ensures the data is clean and suitable for modeling, which leads to more accurate and reliable AI predictions.
- What are the benefits and limitations of No-Code AI tools?
Benefits:
- Accessibility for non-programmers
- Fast development
- User-friendly interfaces
- Encourages innovation across industries
Limitations:
- Limited customization options
- Automation bias (blindly trusting AI outputs)
- Security risks due to third-party platforms
- Vendor lock-in issues
- Performance and scalability limitations for complex tasks.
- How does data science contribute to personalized advertising?
Data science enables advertisers to use data-driven insights to display targeted ads based on users’ past behavior, interests, and browsing history. This helps ads reach the right audience at the right time, improving engagement and effectiveness compared to traditional ads.
Fill in the Blanks
- Computer Vision is a subfield of Artificial Intelligence that allows computers to interpret images.
- Google Lens uses image recognition technology to recognize objects and retrieve relevant information.
- In a CNN, the first layer that extracts features like edges is called the Convolutional layer.
- Resolution is the number of pixels in an image.
- The Pooling Layer is important in CNNs because it makes the image smaller, reducing the amount of processing needed.
State True or False
- Image Processing and Computer Vision are the same.- False
- Face filters in mobile apps like Instagram use Computer Vision. -True
- A grayscale image consists of three color channels (Red, Green, and Blue). - False
- No-code AI tools require programming skills to create models. - False
- CNNs use kernels to detect patterns in images. -True
Match the Following
Image Processing | Enhancing Image Quality |
Pixel | The smallest unit of an image |
Google Teachable Machine | No-Code AI Tool |
Feature Map | Output of Convolution Layer |
Resolution | Number of pixels in an image |
Multiple Choice Questions
- What is the main goal of Computer Vision?
a) Enhancing image quality
b) Extracting meaningful information from images
c) Storing images
d) Creating new images - What does a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) do?
a) Edits text in images
b) Classifies and detects objects in images
c) Reduces image size
d) Enhances color in photos - The pooling layer in a CNN helps to:
a) Increase the image size
b) Remove noise from the image
c) Reduce image size while retaining important features
d) Improve color intensity - Google Lens is used for:
a) Translating text
b) Scanning QR codes
c) Identifying objects
d) All of the above - What makes CNNs different from traditional neural networks?
a) They require human labeling
b) They process only text data
c) They automatically extract features from images
d) They cannot detect patterns in images
One-Word or One-Sentence Answers
- What type of image consists of Red, Green, and Blue channels?
RGB image
- What does a kernel do in an image?
It enhances or modifies the image by detecting features like edges or textures.
- Name a No-Code AI tool used for training models.
Google Teachable Machine
- How does the Fully Connected Layer function in CNN?
It classifies the image based on the features extracted by the previous layers.
- What is the use of the Pooling Layer?
It reduces the size of the feature map while retaining important information.
Answer the following
- Explain the working of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN).
A CNN processes images by passing them through layers: the Convolutional Layer extracts features, the ReLU layer introduces non-linearity, the Pooling Layer reduces the image size, and the Fully Connected Layer classifies the image based on the extracted features.
- How an RGB image is different from a grayscale image?
An RGB image has three channels (Red, Green, and Blue) to represent color, while a grayscale image has only one channel representing various shades of gray.
- What are the different layers in a Convolutional Neural Network? Explain.
- Convolution Layer: Extracts features like edges and textures from the image.
- ReLU Layer: Applies non-linearity by removing negative values and keeping only positive ones.
- Pooling Layer: Reduces the size of the feature map while retaining important details.
- Fully Connected Layer: Classifies the image based on the features extracted in the previous layers.
- How does a self-driving car use Computer Vision?
A self-driving car uses Computer Vision to identify objects like traffic lights, pedestrians, and other vehicles, enabling it to make decisions about speed, braking, and direction.
- How does image resolution affect image quality?
Higher resolution means more pixels, which results in finer details and better image quality, while lower resolution can make images blurry or pixelated.
- What is the significance of pixel values in an image?
Pixel values determine the color and brightness of an image. The most common range for pixel values is from 0 (black) to 255 (white) in an 8-bit image.
- Explain the following:
- Convolution Layer
- Rectified linear Unit (ReLU)
- Pooling Layer
- Fully Connected Layer
- Convolution Layer: Extracts features like edges, colors, and textures.
- Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU): Introduces non-linearity by removing negative values, helping to detect complex patterns.
- Pooling Layer: Reduces the image size while preserving important features, improving efficiency.
- Fully Connected Layer: Classifies the image based on the extracted features.
Answers to textbook exercises
Fill in the Blanks
- NLP is a branch of AI that helps computers understand, interpret, and generate human language.
- The process of breaking down text into words, phrases, or sentences is called Tokenization.
- The model that counts word frequency but ignores context is called Bag of Words.
- The full form of TF-IDF is Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency.
- Orange Data Mining is a no-code NLP tool used for text analysis and visualization.
State True or False
- Natural Language Processing (NLP) is used only for voice assistants. - False
- Stemming and Lemmatization both reduce words to their root form. -True
- TF-IDF gives more importance to frequently used words in all documents. - False
- Orange Data Mining is a programming-based NLP tool. - False
- Chatbots can be classified into script-based and smart bots.-True
Match the Following
NLP | Helps computers understand language |
Tokenization | Breaking text into words or phrases |
Chatbots | Automated conversational systems |
TF-IDF | Prioritizes important words |
Stemming | Reduces words to their base form |
Multiple Choice Questions
- Which of the following is an application of NLP?
a) Image Processing
b) Language Translation
c) Circuit Design
d) 3D Modeling - Which NLP technique removes commonly used words like "the," "is," and "and"?
a) Stemming
b) Stop-word Removal
c) Lemmatization
d) Parsing - Which of the following is a no-code NLP tool?
a) NLTK
b) Orange Data Mining
c) SpaCy
d) TensorFlow - TF-IDF helps identify words that are:
a) Frequently used in all documents
b) Rare but important in one document
c) Ignored in NLP processing
d) Always removed as stop words - What does discourse analysis help with?
a) Breaking text into words
b) Understanding relationships between sentences
c) Removing stop words
d) Converting text into numbers
One-Word or One-Sentence Answers
- What is the technique of converting words into a meaningful root word?
Lemmatization
- Which NLP model counts word occurrences but ignores word meaning?
Bag of Words
- Name an NLP tool that requires no coding.
Orange Data Mining
- What is used to rank words based on importance in a document?
TF-IDF
- What is the process of classifying text into predefined categories?
Text Classification
Answer the following
- What is the difference between Stemming and Lemmatization?
- Stemming removes affixes (-ed, -ing, -es) from words to obtain their root form but does not guarantee meaningful words. Example: “studies” → “studi” (incorrect).
- Lemmatization converts words to their dictionary form (lemma), ensuring the output is a meaningful word. Example: “studies” → “study” (correct).
- Explain how TF-IDF helps prioritize important words in NLP.
TF-IDF measures how often a word appears in a document (TF) and adjusts its importance based on how often it appears in other documents (IDF). It reduces the weight of common words and increases the weight of rare but important words, helping computers identify the most relevant words in the text.
- Give two real-world examples of NLP applications.
- Language Translation – Converts text or speech from one language to another (e.g., Google Translate, Microsoft Translator).
- Sentiment Analysis – Identifies customer emotions in reviews or social media posts (e.g., analyzing Twitter reactions to a product).
- What is the role of Chatbots in NLP?
Chatbots are computer programs that simulate human conversation through text or voice. Using NLP, they understand user input, interpret intent, and provide responses. They are used in customer support, e-commerce, and healthcare to answer queries and assist in decision-making.
- How does Sentiment Analysis help businesses improve customer service?
Sentiment analysis detects emotions in customer feedback, categorizing them as positive, negative, or neutral. This helps businesses identify dissatisfied customers, prioritize their queries, understand customer needs, and improve products or services accordingly.
Answers to textbook exercises
Fill in the Blanks
- Python was created by Guido van Rossum in 1991.
- In Jupyter Notebook, you can work on multiple programs in the same window.
- Jupyter Notebook, by default, runs using the system’s default Python environment.
- A Kernel is the part of Jupyter Notebook that runs the code.
- A Comment is a human-readable description in the source code of a computer program
State True or False
- The command virtualenv newenv creates a virtual environment. – True
- Python variable names can start with a number. –False
- The print() function is a built-in function in Python. –True
- The break statement continues the loop execution. – False
- The range() function in Python generates a sequence of numbers. –True
Match the Following
1. continue statement | a. Skips the current iteration in a loop |
2. Virtual Environment | b. Web-based interactive coding tool |
3. break statement | c. Exits a loop immediately |
4. range() | d. Generates a sequence of numbers |
5. Python Interpreter | e. Executes Python code line by line |
Multiple Choice Questions
- What does Jupyter Notebook allow you to do?
a) Edit images
b) Create animations
✅ c) Write and execute Python code interactively
d) Design a website - What is the correct way to create a virtual environment?
a) python install virtualenv
b) create virtualenv
✅ c) pip install virtualenv
d) install virtualenv - Which of the following is not a Python IDE?
a) PyCharm
b) Jupyter Notebook
✅ c) Eclipse
d) Spyder - What will len([10, 20, 30]) return?
a) 10
b) 20
✅ c) 3
d) None - Which of the following is not a built-in function?
a) max()
b) sum()
✅ c) multiply()
d) type()
One-Word or One-Sentence Answers
- What function is used to take user input in Python?
Answer: input()
- What does range() generate?
Answer: Sequence of numbers
- Which built-in function returns the maximum value in a list? Answer: max()
- What is the purpose of a virtual environment in Python?
Answer: To create an isolated environment for Python projects
- Which statement is used for multi-line comments in Python? Answer: Triple quotes (''' or """)
Answer the following
- What are the key features of Python?
- High-level language, easy to understand and write
- Interpreted language (executes code line-by-line)
- Free and open source
- Cross-platform compatibility
- User-friendly syntax
- Versatile editors support
- Unicode support
- Widely used across industries
- Differentiate between break and continue statements.
- break: Exits the loop immediately.
- continue: Skips the current iteration and continues with the next iteration of the loop.
- How do you create and activate a virtual environment in Python?
- Create:
pip install virtualenv
virtualenv <env_name>
- Activate:
- Windows:
<env_name>\Scripts\activate
- Mac/Linux:
source <env_name>/bin/activate
- Explain the concept of a Python function with an example.
A function is a block of reusable code to perform a specific task.
Example:
- Write a Python program to add two numbers taken from user input.
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