ECONOMICS

          Water Resources

(1) Discuss how rainwater harvesting in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan is carried out.

Ans. In arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan large agricultural fields were converted into rain-fed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moist the soil like the khadins in Jaisalmer and johads in other parts of Rajasthan.

Rooftop rainwater harvesting is commonly practised to store drinking water, in Rajasthan. In arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan, almost all the houses traditionally have underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water. The tankas are either built inside the house or in the courtyard. They are connected to the sloping roof of the house through a pipe. Rainwater falling on the rooftop trickles down the pipe and is stored in underground tankas. It is called palar pani. It is an extremely reliable source of drinking water.

The tankas are helpful in beating the summer heat, as they keep the rooms adjoining thcool.

2.Revoluted watRapid urbanization and industrintizacion Industries also require power to run the machinery and most of it comes from hydroelectric power

()Bad quality of water, water may be polluted by industrial and domestic wastes, effluents from the industries, chemicals, fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture. All this makes water unfit for human consumption.

2) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects.?

The advantages of multi-purpose river projects are as follows.

(a) Water can be stored in the form of reservoirs, which can be used for irrigation purposes.

(b) They control or eliminate floods.

(c) They help in the generation of electricity.

(d) They can improve transportation as part of a canal system.

(e) They are excellent for fish breeding and other aquatic species.

(f)They also help in inland navigation.

(g) The water can be used for domestic and industrial purpose.

The disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects re as follows.

(a) They cause large-scale displacement of local communities and submergence of trees and vegetation

(b) Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow, causing excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoirs, adding to the problem of land degradation.

(c) Dams fragment rivers, making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate.

(d) Dams were constructed to control floods but they have triggered floods, devastating life and property and causing soil erosion.

(e) Big dams have been unsuccessful in controlling floods at the time of excessive 

3. Describe any three hydraulic structures of ancient India.?

Three examples of hydraulic structures of ancient India are as under:

(a) Water harvesting system was built in the first century BC near Allahabad for channelling the flood waters of the Ganga.

5) During the times of Chandragupta Maurya, dams, lakes and irrigation systems were constructed. Bhopal Lake, one of the largest artificial lakesof that time, was built in the 11th century.

                     AGRICULTURE 

1.and Personal Accident Insurance Schoose (PAIS)

en What was the main aim of Bhoodan?

Ans is main aim was to give land to the landless villagers.

oil. Why is agriculture considered backbone of Indian economy? Give one reason.

Ans, Because it provides employment and livelihood to 6.3% of the population according to 2001 census.

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

 State any three characteristics of primitive subsistence farming.

Ans. Following are the characteristics of primitive subsistence farming:

(a) In this type of farming farmers grow crops for self-consumption. This type of farming is still practised in a few pockets of India.

(b) It is practised on small patches of land.

(c) Farmers use primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks,

(d) Only family/community labour is used for farming.

(e) This type of farming depends upon natural conditions such as monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitable conditions for the crops.

                  ECONOMICS 

         SECTORS OF INDIAN ECONOMY 

1.ExplIn Public sector contribute to the development of the nation?

Public sector contributes to economic development of a nation in the following ways.

a) It promotes rapid economic development through creation and expansion of infrastructure.

b) It creates employment opportunitiesc) It generates financial resources for development.

1) It is ensuring equality of income, wealth and thus, a balanced regional development.

It encourages development of small, medium and cottage industries.

(C) Development of income generating potentiale like tourism, regional craft, etc. in the rural areas through proper planning. It has beers said that if tourism as a sector is improved, every year we can give additional employment to more than15 lakh people (d) Development of IT sector, which could generate employment to lakhs of people in the urban areas.

2.

Describe the provisions of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005.?

Ans. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 aims to guarantee the right to work. It also aims at improving livelihood in rural areas.

The following are the provisions of the NREGA.

Eligibility: Any Indian citizen who is above the age of 18 years and resides in the rural area is entitled to apply for work.

Distance: Work is to be provided by the governmentin a radius of 5 km of the applicant if possible and in any case within the block. If the work provided is beyond 5 km of distance, extra travel allowance is to be paid.Wages: Workers under NREGA are entitled to the

statutory minimum wage applicable to agricultural labourers in the state, until and unless the central government notifies a different wage. In whichever case, the minimum wage cannot go below*60 per day.

Timely payment: Workers are to be paid weekly or in any case not later than a fortnight. Payment of wages should be made directly to the person concerned on pre-announced dates.

Entitlement: Any applicant is entitled to work within 15 days, for as many as he/she applied, subject to limitation of 100 days per yearc) Lack of infrastructure Seasonal roads, lack of electricity, etc keep the rural areas far behind developme

How can more employment opportunities be created in the rural areas?

Ans. The following steps can be taken to create more employment in the rural areas.

a) Loans should be provided to small farmers by the government or bank to have more irrigation facilities like wells and tube wells in order to enable them to grow second crop.

(b) New dams and canals should be constructed. This will lead to more employment in the agricultural sector.

(c) Transportation and storage facilities must be improved to provide productive employment to not only the farmers but also to others in services like transport and trade.

(d) Banks should provide agricultural credit to the farmers for farming to improve.

(e) Industries such as dal mill, cold storage, honey collection centers and processing of vegetables should be set up in rural or semi-rural areas. Such industries will get raw materials from the rural areas and will create more employmen opportunities

37. Distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary activities with examples.

Ans. (a) Primary activities: Primary activities are directly dependent on environment as these refer to utilisation of earth's resources such as land, water, vegetation, building materials and minerals. It, thus, includes hunting and gathering. pastoral activities, fishing, forestry, agriculture, and mining and quarrying.

b) Secondary activities: Secondary activities add value to natural resources by transforming raw materials into valuable products. Secondary activities, therefore, are concerned with manufacturing, processing and construction (infrastructure) industries.

(c) Tertiary activities: Tertiary activities include both production and exchange. The production involves the provision of services that are consumed. Banking, transportation, communication, teaching, nursing, etc. are tertiary activities.oes tertiary sector include only the services thaIp in the production of good

                MONEY AND CREDIT

1. Analyse the role of credit for development.?

 Ans. Development is sustained by a proper credit policy. By giving loans to industries and trade, banks provide them with the necessary funds for carrying on their business without problems. This results in increased production and services, more employment and profits. Caution is required by the lenders when high risks are expected, so that there are no losses. Credit from the formal sector needs to be increased, as loans from the informal sector which have very high interest rates, do more harm than good. For this reason, it is important that the formal sector gives out more loans so that borrowers are not exploited by informal sector moneylenders and the results

What is money? Why is modern money currency accepted as a medium of exchange?

Money is anything which has common acceptability. as a means of exchange, a measure and a store of value.

It has been accepted as a medium of exchange because:

(a) Goods and services are being bought and sold with the use of money easily.

(b) Money solves the problem of double coincidence of wants.

c) Money is sometimes paid as advance with the promise of delivery of goods later.

It is a perfect store of value.

) It makes economic activities quite independent from