GEOGRAPHY

       .               Lesson 1 

       Resources And Development 

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(1) Name three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it.

Ans. The black soil, also called the regur soil, is found in the plateaus of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. It is the best soil for growing cotton.

(ii) What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil.

Ans. Alluvial soil is found in the deltas of rivers Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri, on the eastern coastal plains. The main features of the alluvial soil are as follows.

(a) It contains different proportion of sand, silt and clay. It is very fertile.

(b) It contains right proportion of potash, lime and phosphoric acid.

(c) In drier regions, it is alkaline and requires proper treatment and irrigation.

(d) It is ideal for growing sugar cane, wheat and paddy.

(iii) What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas?

Ans. To control soil erosion in the hilly areas, the following steps can be taken.

(a) Contour ploughing to reduce the flow of the water down the slopes and checks sheet erosion.

(b) Steps can be cut on the slopes, making terraces. Terraces can restrict soil erosion.

(c) Strips of crops are left to grow between the crops. It breaks up the force of wind.

(d) Planting trees in a row, called shelter belts, also reduces the force of the wind.

77. Mention any three characteristics of black soil.

Or

Describe any three features of 'Black Soil found in Ind

Ans. The following are the characteristics of the black soil

(a) The black soil is made of clayey material and is well known for its capacity to hold moisture.

(6) It is rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime but is poor in phosphoric contents

(c) Black soil develops deep crucks during summer which help in proper aeration of the soil. These soils are sticky when wet and difficult to work on unless tilted just after the first shower.

78. Mention any three features of arid soil.

[CBSE 2014, 2015, 2016]

Ans. The following are the features of arid soil:

(a) Arid soils have colour ranging from red to brown. They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature.

(6) In some areas salt content is very high and common salt can be obtained by evaporating the water

(c) Due to dry climate and high temperature. evaporation is faster and soils lack humus and moisture.

() The lower part of the soil is occupied by kanpur because of calcium content.

(any three)

80. What is soil erosion? Write two humas that lead to soil erosion.

Ans. The denudation of the sol cover an washing down is described as follows Two human factors leading to anal

(a) Deforestation. Due to heavy deformation erosion is increasing

(8) Overgrazing In many regions, people practise grazing of cattle, goats and Gradually this leads to soil erosion

81. What does sustainable economic development mean? How can we eradicate irrational consumption and over-utilisation of resources?

Ans. Sustainable economic development means tha development should take place without damaging the environment and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the fune generations.

We can eradicate irrational consumption and over utilisation of resources through conservational resources. Irrational consumption and overexploitation of resources lead to many socio-economic and environmental problems. To overcome these problems and to preserve resources for our future generation proper management and conservation of resources essential.

ii) How have human activities affected the depletion of flora and fauna? Explain.

Ans. Human activities have affected the depletion of flora and fauna in the following ways.

(a) Rapid urbanization and industrialization have led to clearing of forests and depletion of flora and fauna.

(b) A large population means more food production. Forests have to be cut to make way for agriculture.

(c) Multi-purpose projects and large dams have caused the submergence of trees and forests.

(d) Mining activities is another reason for the depletion of flora and faunna

       

               Lesson 3 

          Water Resources 

Describe the rooftop rainwater harvesting technique.

[CBSE 2016]

Ans. Rooftop rainwater harvesting involves a number of steps as under.

(a) Rooftop rainwater is collected using a PVC pipe

(b) Water is filtered by using sand and bricks.

(c) Water is taken to the sump through underground pipes for immediate use.

(d) Excess water from the sump is taken to the well.

(e) Water from the well recharges the underground water.

(1) Water is taken from the wells or is recharged through hand pump

2..z. Describe any three hydraulic structures of ancient India

[CBSE 2012]

s. Three examples of hydraulic structures of ancient India are as under:

(a) Water harvesting system was built in the first century BC near Allahabad for channelling the flood waters of the Ganga.

(b) During the times of Chandragupta Maurya, dams, lakes and irrigation systems were constructed.

(c) Bhopal Lake, one of the largest artificial lakes of that time, was built in the 11th centu

40. Analyse three major causes of water scarcity in India.

[CBSE 2012]

(b

Or

Explain any four reasons responsible for water scarcity in India.

Ans. The reasons for water scarcity in India are:

(a) Post-independance India has witnessed intensive industrialization and urbanization which increased water demand.

(b) Large urban centres with large and dense population and urban lifestyles have only added to water requirement.

(c) Population explosion after independence led to overexploitation of underground water for irrigation.

(d) The water is getting polluted by domestic and industrial waste, chemical pesticides and fertilizer